Lamanna J, Ferro M, Spadini S, Racchetti G, Malgaroli A. The Dysfunctional Mechanisms Throwing Tics: Structural and Functional Changes in Tourette Syndrome. Behav Sci (Basel). 2023 Aug 10;13(8):668. doi: 10.3390/bs13080668. PMID: 37622808; PMCID: PMC10451670.
“TS etiology is very complex, with strong genetic influences, repeated streptococcal infections, and also pre and perinatal phenomena [13]. There is accumulating evidence that immune dysregulation contributes to the pathophysiology of OCD, TS, and Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal Infections (PANDAS). TS patients may, in fact, have a predisposition to autoimmune responses or impaired general immunity; recently, beta-hemolytic streptococcal infections and/or an increase in anti-basal ganglia antibodies have been found in patients with TS. “
Gabriella True
