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Ueda K, Black KJ. Recent progress on Tourette syndrome. Fac Rev. 2021;10:70. Published 2021 Sep 7. DOI:10.12703/r/10-70

“Recent years have seen increasing information about the relationship between tics and comorbidities and about new genetic findings. Inflammatory processes have also been a topic of continued interest.

“The prevalence and characteristics of tics in patients with encephalitis were reviewed in a systematic study, which found that sporadic cases of tics were associated with encephalitis, particularly during a post-encephalitis period, and with basal ganglia involvement⁵⁴. A case-control autopsy study (of nine individuals with TS) using basal ganglia transcriptome by RNA sequencing in the caudate and putamen found disrupted basal ganglia neuronal signaling⁵⁵. The study also found a significant increase in immune and inflammatory transcripts. These results suggest metabolic alterations and inflammatory involvement in TS pathophysiology.”

“Inflammation has been extensively discussed in tic pathophysiology. A recent review article on immunological mechanisms in the pathophysiology of tic disorders argues that innate and adaptive systemic immune pathways and neuroinflammatory mechanisms play an important role in the pathogenesis of at least some patients with TS⁵³.”

“Complementary and alternative medicines—including dietary or nutritional supplements (calcium, magnesium, coenzyme Q₁₀, fish oil, gastrodin, and vitamins B, C, D, and E), chiropractic manipulations, meditation, acupuncture, hypnosis, homeopathy, and biofeedback—have been reported for the treatment of tics^116,117; however, the evidence is limited because of a lack of randomized control studies. The efficacy and safety of a Chinese herbal medicine (5-Ling granule) in the treatment of TS were evaluated in a multicenter, double-blind randomized controlled trial, finding it as effective as tiapride in improving tic symptoms¹¹⁸.”

Delaunay-Vagliasindi S, Seneff S, Coro S & Campbell-McBride N (2021) GAPS Nutritional Protocol as a treatment for PANDAS: A case study. J Orthomol Med. 36(3). 6 September 2021 

“Growing research is calling attention to the role of poor gut health in autoimmune conditions, psychological conditions, and neurological conditions – all of which are relevant to PANDAS. The gut microbiome is a perfect target for treatment as it is flexible and adapts quickly to changes. Currently, the first-line treatments for PANDAS are antibiotics and mood stabilizers. The GAPS Nutritional Protocol aims to heal the gut lining, and restore microbial balance in the gut flora. After 18 months, George saw all his PANDAS-related symptoms disappear – tics, anxiety, hypersensitivity to noise and odours, sleep issues, concentration issues, fine motor issues, digestive issues, restricted eating habits, and quality of eye-contact – to the point where his diagnosis was officially removed. In addition, the abnormal blood test results that were indicative of the PANDAS condition – EO, NEUT, LYMPH, NLR, MPV – were restored to normal ranges after the GAPS intervention.”

Maia A., Barahona-Corrêa B., Oliveira-Maia A.J., Oliveira J. (2021) Immune Dysfunction in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: From Risk Factors to Multisystem Involvement. In: Berk M., Leboyer M., Sommer I.E. (eds) Immuno-Psychiatry. Springer, Cham. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-71229-7_17

“Immune dysfunction has been proposed as an important component of the pathophysiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), motivating innovative research hypotheses with potential clinical interest. In this chapter, we will review published evidence supporting a model for immune dysfunction in OCD as multifactorial, constitutive, and environmental, contributing to illness development, clinical presentation, and multisystem impact. The fact that OCD patients present comorbidity with several systemic illnesses, including auto-immune disorders, and that the majority of recognized risk factors, such as perinatal complications, traumatic life events or childhood infections, induce inflammation, motivated the development of studies trying to achieve a deeper comprehension regarding the association between inflammation and OCD.”

Gagliano A, Puligheddu M, Ronzano N, Congiu P, Tanca MG, Cursio I, Carucci S, Sotgiu S, Grossi E, Zuddas A. Artificial Neural Networks Analysis of polysomnographic and clinical features in Pediatric Acute-Onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome (PANS): from sleep alteration to “Brain Fog”. Nat Sci Sleep. 2021;13:1209-1224. DOI: 10.2147/NSS.S300818

• Disordered sleep represents is a cardinal symptom in patients with PANS
• Polysomnography showed abnormality in 17 out of 23 recruited subjects (73.9%).
• 8/17 children (47%) had ineffective sleep
• 10/17 (58.8%) fragmented sleep
• 8/17 (47.1%) periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD)
• 11/17 (64.7%) REM-sleep without atonia (RSWA).
• Most subjects presented more than one sleep disturbance
• Among the 19/23 patients diagnosed with Tic/Tourette disorder, 8/19 (42.1%) show PLMD and 10/19 (52.6%) RSWA

Lyme Borreliosis and Associations With Mental Disorders and Suicidal Behavior: A Nationwide Danish Cohort Study. Brian A. Fallon, M.D., M.P.H., Trine Madsen, Ph.D., Annette Erlangsen, Ph.D., Michael E. Benros, M.D., Ph.D. Published Online:28 Jul 2021 https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2021.20091347

“Having more than one episode of Lyme borreliosis was associated with increased incidence rate ratios for mental disorders, affective disorders, and suicide attempts, but not for death by suicide. Individuals diagnosed with Lyme borreliosis in the hospital setting had an increased risk of mental disorders, affective disorders, suicide attempts, and suicide. Although the absolute population risk is low, clinicians should be aware of potential psychiatric sequelae of this global disease.”