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Microglial Dysregulation in OCD, Tourette Syndrome, and PANDAS
Luciana Frick, Christopher Pittenger, “Microglial Dysregulation in OCD, Tourette Syndrome, and PANDAS”, Journal of Immunology Research, vol. 2016, Article ID 8606057, 8 pages, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/8606057

Mechanisms by which microglial abnormalities contribute to disease are likely to be shared across distinct etiologies and traditional diagnoses. For instance, abnormal synaptic pruning was observed both in animals inoculated with GAS (which may capture key elements of the pathophysiology of PANDAS) and in mice that develop excessive grooming after inactivation of the progranulin gene. In both cases, increased synaptic pruning cooccurs with microglia activation.

Pediatric Autoimmune Disorders Associated with Streptococcal Infections and Tourette’s Syndrome in Preclinical Studies

Chiara Spinello, Giovanni Laviola and Simone Macrì
Frontiers in Neuroscience – 2016
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In the present review we discuss the available evidence in preclinical models in support of the link between TS and pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcus infections (PANDAS), and the existing gaps that future research shall bridge. Specifically, we report recent preclinical evidence indicating that the immune responses to repeated streptococcal immunizations relate to the occurrence of behavioral and neurological phenotypes reminiscent of TS.

Pandas: A Rare Case Report

Y. Kulkarni, R. Warkari, “Pandas: A Rare Case Report”, International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), Volume 5 Issue 2, February 2016, pp. 148-149, https://www.ijsr.net/get_abstract.php?paper_id=NOV161061

Abstract: PANDAS, also labelled as PANS, is a pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorder due to streptococcal infection. Although it affects 1 in 1000 children, cases reported in Indian context are relatively few because of lack of awareness about the syndrome amongst clinicians. We report here a case of a 13 years old male from a rural area presenting to us with an acute onset of repetitive behavior following a febrile illness 2 months prior. Investigations confirmed rheumatic valvular heart disease. A diagnosis of PANDAS was made and treatment was started. The patient responded to treatment and gained symptomatic relief. Timely intervention
and high index of suspicion towards a pediatric febrile illness can help to reduce the morbidity associated with this neuropsychiatric
disorder.

Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal Infections (PANDAS)

Graziella Orefici, PhD, Francesco Cardona, MD, Carol J. Cox, PhD, and Madeleine W. Cunningham, PhD.
From the Book: Streptococcus pyogenes Basic Biology to Clinical Manifestations – University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center-2016
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The inclusion of a chapter on pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections (or PANDAS) is essential to provide a history of the disease and provide current information about its association with Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococci), tics, obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and its relationship to Sydenham chorea (SC), which is the neurologic manifestation of acute rheumatic fever.

N-Acetylcysteine in the Treatment of Excoriation Disorder – A Randomized Clinical Trial

Jon E. Grant, JD, MD, MPH; Samuel R. Chamberlain, MD, PhD; Sarah A. Redden, BA; Eric W. Leppink, BA; Brian L. Odlaug, PhD; Suck Won Kim, MD
JAMA Psychiatry-2016

This investigation suggests that N-acetylcysteine appears to be effective and well tolerated in the acute treatment of SPD. As effective treatments for skin picking emerge, it becomes increasingly important that physicians and other mental health care professionals screen for the disorder to provide timely treatment.

Group A Streptococcus intranasal infection promotes CNS infiltration by streptococcal-specific Th17 cells

Thamotharampillai Dileepan, Erica D. Smith, Daniel Knowland, Martin Hsu, Maryann Platt, Peter Bittner-Eddy, Brenda Cohen, Peter Southern, Elizabeth Latimer, Earl Harley Dritan Agalliu. and P. Patrick Cleary
Journal of Clinical Investigation-2015
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Our results establish what we believe to be evidence of a novel crosstalk between the CNS and cellular immunity to infections, which may contribute to understanding the pathogenesis of many other CNS autoimmune diseases. Flare-ups associated with several chronic autoimmune conditions may be produced by the expansion of Th17 cells and the activation of cytokines induced by relatively common bacterial or viral infections. Aberrant cytokine expression could then disrupt the BBB to permit preexisting circulating autoantibodies to enter the brain, engage neural targets, and trigger the sudden onset of clinical symptoms.